The European residential building stock faces a dual challenge of widespread seismic vulnerability and significant energy inefficiency, particularly in Mediterranean countries where a large share of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings was constructed before the implementation of modern design codes and energy standards, leaving communities exposed to elevated safety risks, high energy consumption, and associated carbon emissions. Addressing these deficiencies is essential not only for improving structural safety, but also for reducing energy consumption, supporting climate targets, and strengthening community resilience. Earthquake-induced damage not only causes structural and economic losses, but also amplifies social inequities and environmental impacts, highlighting the multidimensional nature of seismic risk. Recognising the interconnected nature of these challenges, recent research has highlighted the need for holistic, multi-sectoral approaches to building performance upgrading. To address these challenges, this study first develops a regional prioritisation framework for mainland Portugal combining indicators from three macro-sectors, namely seismic vulnerability, energy deficiency, and socioeconomic vulnerability metrics. By leveraging recent fragility models, energy consumption data, and regional social indicators, the study identifies the areas of greatest need for combined renovation efforts, providing actionable insights for resource allocation and equitable policy development aligned with national and European climate targets. To support efficiency large-scale evaluation of building performance, the study develops generalised storey loss functions (SLFs) and storey environmental impact functions (SEIFs) for poorly detailed RC buildings. The methodology integrates building typology characterisation, identification of damageable components, fragility curves, and consequence functions for both repair costs and embodied carbon impacts. Country-specific adaptation for Portugal are also derived using national cost conversion factors. Application to a case-study building confirms that the proposed storey-level functions provide rapid, reliable estimates of economic and environmental consequences while maintaining sufficient accuracy relative to more robust analysis. At the building level, determining the optimal combination of seismic and energy interventions is complex, involving multiple technical, economic, social, and environmental decision variables. To facilitate practical decision-making, this study applies a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework to a case study RC school building. Twelve retrofit scenarios, combining four seismic and three energy retrofit interventions, are assessed under three climate zones and three seismic hazard levels. Both simplified practice-oriented seismic assessment methods, such as cloud-based capacity spectrum method (CB-CSM) and the Italian Sismabonus guideline, and detailed research-based procedures are used to estimate keys variables, including the annual probability of failure, and expected seismic and environmental impacts. Comparison of the resulting retrofit rankings demonstrates the reliability and applicability of simplified approaches for engineering practice while maintaining consistency with more detailed methods. Together, these contributions deliver a coherent suite of methodologies supporting integrated seismic and energy retrofitting, scalable regional prioritisation, and simplified yet reliable decision-making tools. The outcomes of this dissertation enable policymakers and practitioners to implement more equitable, sustainable, and resilience-enhancing renovation strategies across diverse European contexts.
Il patrimonio edilizio residenziale europeo presenta una doppia criticità: elevata vulnerabilità sismica e scarsa efficienza energetica, soprattutto nei Paesi mediterranei, dove molti edifici sono precedenti alle moderne normative. Ciò espone ampie fasce di popolazione a rischi per la sicurezza, consumi energetici elevati ed emissioni climalteranti. Intervenire su queste carenze è essenziale per migliorare la sicurezza strutturale, ridurre i fabbisogni energetici, contribuire agli obiettivi climatici e rafforzare la resilienza territoriale. I danni sismici, infatti, generano non solo perdite strutturali ed economiche, ma anche ricadute sociali e ambientali, confermando la natura multidimensionale del rischio. La letteratura sottolinea quindi l’esigenza di approcci integrati e multisettoriali. Questo studio sviluppa un quadro di prioritizzazione regionale per il Portogallo, integrando indicatori di vulnerabilità sismica, inefficienza energetica e fragilità socioeconomica. L’uso di modelli avanzati danno–conseguenza, associati a dati energetici e sociali, consente di individuare le aree più critiche, ovvero quelle che richiedono interventi integrati urgenti. Sono stati inoltre analizzati scenari di rinforzo sismico a scala regionale per valutarne l’impatto nella riduzione del rischio, fornendo indicazioni utili per un’allocazione equa ed efficace delle risorse. Per favorire valutazioni rapide su larga scala, sono state elaborate Storey Loss Functions (SLFs) e Storey Environmental Impact Functions (SEIFs) per edifici residenziali in calcestruzzo armato. La metodologia combina caratterizzazione tipologica, componenti strutturali e non strutturali, modelli di fragilità e funzioni di conseguenza, includendo sia i costi di riparazione sia gli impatti ambientali. Specifici fattori di conversione portoghesi sono stati integrati. L’applicazione a un caso studio conferma l’affidabilità delle stime ottenute rispetto ad analisi più dettagliate. A scala di edificio, la definizione della combinazione ottimale di interventi sismici ed energetici richiede la valutazione congiunta di variabili tecniche, economiche, ambientali e sociali. Poiché differenti condizioni climatiche e di pericolosità sismica influenzano le strategie ottimali, è stato implementato un framework decisionale multicriterio (MCDM) per un edificio scolastico in calcestruzzo armato. Dodici scenari – derivanti dalla combinazione di quattro strategie sismiche e tre interventi energetici – sono stati valutati in tre zone climatiche e tre livelli di pericolosità. Per stimare le principali variabili decisionali (probabilità annua di collasso, perdite economiche e impatti ambientali) è stato proposto anche un approccio semplificato, adatto all’ambito non accademico, confrontato poi con metodi più complessi. I risultati mostrano una buona coerenza tra le due tipologie di approccio. Complessivamente, questa ricerca fornisce metodologie coerenti per la riqualificazione integrata sismica ed energetica, la prioritizzazione regionale e l’adozione di strumenti decisionali semplificati ma affidabili. I risultati supportano decisori e professionisti nell’implementazione di strategie di rinnovo più eque, sostenibili e orientate alla resilienza del patrimonio edilizio europeo.
Interventi Integrati Sismici ed Energetici: dalle Strategie Regionali alla Scala del Singolo Edificio / Monteiro Garcia Couto, Rita. - (2026 May 21).
Interventi Integrati Sismici ed Energetici: dalle Strategie Regionali alla Scala del Singolo Edificio
MONTEIRO GARCIA COUTO, RITA
2026-05-21
Abstract
The European residential building stock faces a dual challenge of widespread seismic vulnerability and significant energy inefficiency, particularly in Mediterranean countries where a large share of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings was constructed before the implementation of modern design codes and energy standards, leaving communities exposed to elevated safety risks, high energy consumption, and associated carbon emissions. Addressing these deficiencies is essential not only for improving structural safety, but also for reducing energy consumption, supporting climate targets, and strengthening community resilience. Earthquake-induced damage not only causes structural and economic losses, but also amplifies social inequities and environmental impacts, highlighting the multidimensional nature of seismic risk. Recognising the interconnected nature of these challenges, recent research has highlighted the need for holistic, multi-sectoral approaches to building performance upgrading. To address these challenges, this study first develops a regional prioritisation framework for mainland Portugal combining indicators from three macro-sectors, namely seismic vulnerability, energy deficiency, and socioeconomic vulnerability metrics. By leveraging recent fragility models, energy consumption data, and regional social indicators, the study identifies the areas of greatest need for combined renovation efforts, providing actionable insights for resource allocation and equitable policy development aligned with national and European climate targets. To support efficiency large-scale evaluation of building performance, the study develops generalised storey loss functions (SLFs) and storey environmental impact functions (SEIFs) for poorly detailed RC buildings. The methodology integrates building typology characterisation, identification of damageable components, fragility curves, and consequence functions for both repair costs and embodied carbon impacts. Country-specific adaptation for Portugal are also derived using national cost conversion factors. Application to a case-study building confirms that the proposed storey-level functions provide rapid, reliable estimates of economic and environmental consequences while maintaining sufficient accuracy relative to more robust analysis. At the building level, determining the optimal combination of seismic and energy interventions is complex, involving multiple technical, economic, social, and environmental decision variables. To facilitate practical decision-making, this study applies a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework to a case study RC school building. Twelve retrofit scenarios, combining four seismic and three energy retrofit interventions, are assessed under three climate zones and three seismic hazard levels. Both simplified practice-oriented seismic assessment methods, such as cloud-based capacity spectrum method (CB-CSM) and the Italian Sismabonus guideline, and detailed research-based procedures are used to estimate keys variables, including the annual probability of failure, and expected seismic and environmental impacts. Comparison of the resulting retrofit rankings demonstrates the reliability and applicability of simplified approaches for engineering practice while maintaining consistency with more detailed methods. Together, these contributions deliver a coherent suite of methodologies supporting integrated seismic and energy retrofitting, scalable regional prioritisation, and simplified yet reliable decision-making tools. The outcomes of this dissertation enable policymakers and practitioners to implement more equitable, sustainable, and resilience-enhancing renovation strategies across diverse European contexts.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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