Antarctica offers an exceptional natural laboratory for studying the evolutionary mechanisms underlying environmental adaptation. Antarctic microorganisms have developed remarkable survival strategies to withstand extreme conditions such as cold temperatures, oxidative stress, UV radiation, and limited nutrient availability. In response to these environmental stressors, they evolved unique features, including the ability to detoxify hazardous compounds (e.g. heavy metals and pollutants), scavenge iron, and produce pigments, biofilms, and biopolymers that protect against UV damage and confer environmental defence. The research focused on the exploitation of Antarctic bacterial metabolism to provide nature-based alternatives in favour of human health and environmental sustainability. The strains of interest, recently isolated from a consortium associated with the marine ciliate E. focardii, were identified and characterized, offering insights into their biotechnological potential. The microorganisms were screened for the production of bacterial cellulose (BC), an emerging polymer with broad biotechnological applications. BC can be obtained through entirely eco-friendly biosynthetic process and exhibits higher purity, water holding capacity, and tensile strength resistance compared to plant-derived cellulose. The putative cellulose synthase responsible for BC synthesis was identified and characterized in comparison with that of the standard cellulose producer K. xylinus. Depending on the culture conditions, bacterial cellulose was obtained with different morphologies enabling diverse applications. A product for packaging is being developed in collaboration with papermills, based on foil-shaped BC applied as a surface coating on conventional paper. Furthermore, the strains were able to synthesize pigments with potential iron scavenging, antioxidant, antibacterial, and UV protective properties. Two novel bioactive molecules, including a pyocyanin derivative and a pyoverdine, were biosynthesised, extracted, and characterized. The pyocyanin derivative, in particular, was employed as a reducing agent for AgNPs synthesis and as bioactive agent in combination with biomaterials for tissue engineering, including 3D printed scaffolds for bone restoration and electrospun nanofiber membranes for wound healing and skin regeneration. Based on genomic sequencing data, the putative structure of the operon responsible for the synthesis of the pigment was proposed. Finally, novel Antarctic strains belonging to the family Halomonadaceae were isolated and characterized, showing the potential to produce polymers similar to bioplastics, opening new opportunities for future research and applications.
L’Antartide rappresenta un laboratorio naturale d’eccezione per lo studio dei meccanismi evolutivi alla base dell’adattamento ambientale. I microorganismi antartici hanno sviluppato strategie di sopravvivenza uniche per affrontare condizioni estreme quali basse temperature, stress ossidativo, elevate radiazioni UV e limitata disponibilità di nutrienti. In risposta a tali stress ambientali, hanno evoluto capacità metaboliche del tutto peculiari, tra cui la detossificazione di composti tossici, come metalli pesanti e sostanze inquinanti, la chelazione del ferro e la produzione di pigmenti, biofilm e polimeri con funzione di difesa e protezione. La ricerca si è focalizzata sullo sfruttamento del metabolismo dei batteri antartici per sviluppare soluzioni di origine naturale a supporto della salute umana e della sostenibilità ambientale. I ceppi batterici d’interesse, precedentemente isolati da un consorzio associato al ciliato marino E. focardii, sono stati identificati e caratterizzati, rivelando un significativo potenziale biotecnologico. I microorganismi sono stati sottoposti a screening per la produzione della cellulosa batterica (BC), un biopolimero emergente con ampio spettro di applicazioni biotecnologiche. La cellulosa batterica può essere ottenuta mediante processi biosintetici pienamente eco-compatibili ed è caratterizzata da elevata purezza e proprietà meccaniche superiori rispetto alla cellulosa vegetale. La cellulosa sintasi putativamente responsabile del processo biosintetico è stata identificata, caratterizzata, e confrontata con quella del produttore standard di cellulosa, K. xylinus. Dipendentemente dalle condizioni di coltura, è stato possibile ottenere differenti morfologie di BC, consentendo di differenziarne le applicazioni. La collaborazione con cartiere industriali ha promosso lo sviluppo di un prodotto finalizzato al packaging sostenibile, basato sull’applicazione della cellulosa come rivestimento superficiale della carta convenzionale. Inoltre, sono stati identificati nuovi pigmenti bioattivi prodotti dai batteri, tra cui un derivato della piocianina e una pioverdina, dotati di potenziali proprietà antiossidanti, antibatteriche, ferro-chelanti e protettive nei confronti delle radiazioni UV. In particolare, il derivato della piocianina è stato impiegato come agente riducente per la sintesi delle nanoparticelle d’argento e come molecola bioattiva integrata in biomateriali per applicazioni di ingegneria dei tessuti, quali la rigenerazione della pelle e del tessuto osseo, ottenendo risultati preliminari relativi ad attività antimicrobica, biocompatibilità e tossicità. Sulla base dei dati del sequenziamento genomico, è stata ricostruita e proposta la struttura putativa dell’operone responsabile per la sintesi di questo pigmento. Infine, nuovi ceppi batterici appartenenti alla famiglia Halomonadaceae sono stati isolati e caratterizzati. Questi batteri hanno mostrato un notevole potenziale biotecnologico, come l’abilità di produrre polimeri simili alle bioplastiche, che potrebbero aprire nuove prospettive di ricerca e applicazioni sostenibili.
Batteri antartici: innovazione dalla natura per la salute umana e la sostenibilità ambientale / Biondini, Maria Chiara. - (2026 May 13).
Batteri antartici: innovazione dalla natura per la salute umana e la sostenibilità ambientale
BIONDINI, MARIA CHIARA
2026-05-13
Abstract
Antarctica offers an exceptional natural laboratory for studying the evolutionary mechanisms underlying environmental adaptation. Antarctic microorganisms have developed remarkable survival strategies to withstand extreme conditions such as cold temperatures, oxidative stress, UV radiation, and limited nutrient availability. In response to these environmental stressors, they evolved unique features, including the ability to detoxify hazardous compounds (e.g. heavy metals and pollutants), scavenge iron, and produce pigments, biofilms, and biopolymers that protect against UV damage and confer environmental defence. The research focused on the exploitation of Antarctic bacterial metabolism to provide nature-based alternatives in favour of human health and environmental sustainability. The strains of interest, recently isolated from a consortium associated with the marine ciliate E. focardii, were identified and characterized, offering insights into their biotechnological potential. The microorganisms were screened for the production of bacterial cellulose (BC), an emerging polymer with broad biotechnological applications. BC can be obtained through entirely eco-friendly biosynthetic process and exhibits higher purity, water holding capacity, and tensile strength resistance compared to plant-derived cellulose. The putative cellulose synthase responsible for BC synthesis was identified and characterized in comparison with that of the standard cellulose producer K. xylinus. Depending on the culture conditions, bacterial cellulose was obtained with different morphologies enabling diverse applications. A product for packaging is being developed in collaboration with papermills, based on foil-shaped BC applied as a surface coating on conventional paper. Furthermore, the strains were able to synthesize pigments with potential iron scavenging, antioxidant, antibacterial, and UV protective properties. Two novel bioactive molecules, including a pyocyanin derivative and a pyoverdine, were biosynthesised, extracted, and characterized. The pyocyanin derivative, in particular, was employed as a reducing agent for AgNPs synthesis and as bioactive agent in combination with biomaterials for tissue engineering, including 3D printed scaffolds for bone restoration and electrospun nanofiber membranes for wound healing and skin regeneration. Based on genomic sequencing data, the putative structure of the operon responsible for the synthesis of the pigment was proposed. Finally, novel Antarctic strains belonging to the family Halomonadaceae were isolated and characterized, showing the potential to produce polymers similar to bioplastics, opening new opportunities for future research and applications.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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