Among renewable energy sources, ocean wave energy represents a valuable option, owing to its high energy density and predictability. To convert wave energy into electricity, the so-called Wave Energy Converters (WECs) are employed. Prior to their deployment at sea, some testing to determine their most suitable design and installation site, to maximize their energy conversion performance, is required. Numerical simulations are complementing small-scale experiments, standing as powerful, cheaper and reliable tools to mimic WEC--waves interactions. The WEC studied in this thesis is the Oscillating Water Column (OWC), a partially submerged caisson, in which a water column is excited by incoming waves. The water column wave-induced oscillations determine a compression and decompression of an air pocket stuck above the water surface, the varying air pressure generates an airflow through the OWC outlet which activates a turbine linked to an electrical generator. Given their peculiar energy conversion principle -- reliant on both air and water phases -- the numerical modeling of OWCs is a quite complex task. In the literature, various modeling approaches are presented aiming at providing accurate simulations in reasonable computational times. Amidst them, low-fidelity modeling is a really computationally convenient solution but often lacks of accuracy, while high-fidelity techniques better capture the physics, albeit at higher computational cost. Within CFD simulations (high-fidelity), several implementations have been presented, in mesh-based frameworks, to model specific OWC setups, especially fixed. Whereas, preliminary research has been conducted on OWC modeling within the CFD meshless technique. In either scheme, a comprehensive framework, able to include air compressibility effects, different formulations associated to different turbines and to adapt to fixed and floating OWC configurations, is still missing. In this thesis, a hybrid approach based on the coupling of a single-phase meshless framework handling the water phase, and an analytical chamber model mimicking the air phase, is implemented and validated. This approach retains the accuracy of a meshless scheme in representing the hydrodynamics and restrains the computational time by assigning the air phase modeling to the analytical (low-fidelity) scheme. The implemented methodology is validated against experiments and proven to be versatile, allowing for the inclusion of both compressible and incompressible air formulations and of different laws to estimate the air pressure (related to different turbine kinds). Moreover, the feasibility of the proposed approach in modeling both fixed and floating OWCs is verified, positioning the method as a valuable tool in providing trustable simulations of OWCs performance.
L’energia dalle onde del mare costituisce una preziosa risorsa, tra le altre fonti di energia rinnovabile, avendo alta densità energetica e predicibilità. I dispositivi che convertono l’ energia del moto ondoso in energia elettrica sono chiamati Wave Energy Converters (WECs). Le loro performance vengono testate prima della loro istallazione in mare, per stabilire design e sito ideali affinchè la massima efficienza di conversione energetica venga raggiunta. Le simulazioni numeriche, rivelatesi degli strumenti affidabili ed economici, stanno affiancano gli esperimenti a piccola scala nel testare le interazioni delle onde con i WEC. Il dispositivo studiato in questa tesi è chiamato Oscillating Water Column (OWC), è un cassone, parzialmente sommerso, all’interno del quale le onde incidenti generano una colonna d'acqua oscillante. Le oscillazioni comprimono e decomprimono una sacca d’aria, posizionata sopra la colonna d’acqua, e le conseguenti variazioni di pressione dell’aria generano un flusso d’aria che attraversa un'apertura nella parte superiore della camera e attiva una turbina, collegata a un generatore elettrico. A causa del loro peculiare sistema di conversione energetica, che dipende infatti sia dall'acqua che dall’aria, simulare numericamente gli OWC non è un compito immediato. La letteratura annovera diversi approcci di modellazione che ambiscono a fornire risultati accurati mantenendo tempi computazionali contenuti. I vari approcci si distinguono in low-fidelity, computazionalmente efficienti ma spesso carenti in accuratezza, e high-fidelity che replicano più fedelmente la fisica ma richiedono un carico computazionale maggiore. Per quanto riguarda i metodi CFD (high-fidelity), svariate tecniche mesh-based sono state proposte per modellizzare casi specifici di OWC, soprattutto fissi. Tentativi preliminari sono invece stati effettuati da metodi CFD meshless. In entrambi i casi viene meno uno schema che tenga in conto della comprimibilità dell’aria, che possa rappresentare diversi tipi di turbine ad aria e che sia valido sia per OWC fissi che floattanti. In questa tesi, viene implementato e validato un approccio ibrido che combina una tecnica meshless per simulare la fase acqua e un modello analitico per la camera d'aria. Così facendo, la componente meshless garantisce accuratezza nel simulare l’idrodinamica, mentre il tempo computazionale viene mantenuto ridotto assegnando la modellazione dell’aria allo schema low-fidelity. La tecnica adottata, validata con esperimenti, dimostra la sua versatilità essendo in grado di considerare gli effetti della comprimibilità dell’aria e di applicare diverse leggi pneumatiche a seconda della turbina. Infine, il metodo si rivela adeguato nel simulare sia dispositivi fissi che flottanti, posizionandosi come uno strumento affidabile per stimare le performance degli OWC.
Modellazione numerica monofase di dispositivi OWC e del loro PTO pneumatico / Mina, Beatrice. - (2026 May 12).
Modellazione numerica monofase di dispositivi OWC e del loro PTO pneumatico
MINA, BEATRICE
2026-05-12
Abstract
Among renewable energy sources, ocean wave energy represents a valuable option, owing to its high energy density and predictability. To convert wave energy into electricity, the so-called Wave Energy Converters (WECs) are employed. Prior to their deployment at sea, some testing to determine their most suitable design and installation site, to maximize their energy conversion performance, is required. Numerical simulations are complementing small-scale experiments, standing as powerful, cheaper and reliable tools to mimic WEC--waves interactions. The WEC studied in this thesis is the Oscillating Water Column (OWC), a partially submerged caisson, in which a water column is excited by incoming waves. The water column wave-induced oscillations determine a compression and decompression of an air pocket stuck above the water surface, the varying air pressure generates an airflow through the OWC outlet which activates a turbine linked to an electrical generator. Given their peculiar energy conversion principle -- reliant on both air and water phases -- the numerical modeling of OWCs is a quite complex task. In the literature, various modeling approaches are presented aiming at providing accurate simulations in reasonable computational times. Amidst them, low-fidelity modeling is a really computationally convenient solution but often lacks of accuracy, while high-fidelity techniques better capture the physics, albeit at higher computational cost. Within CFD simulations (high-fidelity), several implementations have been presented, in mesh-based frameworks, to model specific OWC setups, especially fixed. Whereas, preliminary research has been conducted on OWC modeling within the CFD meshless technique. In either scheme, a comprehensive framework, able to include air compressibility effects, different formulations associated to different turbines and to adapt to fixed and floating OWC configurations, is still missing. In this thesis, a hybrid approach based on the coupling of a single-phase meshless framework handling the water phase, and an analytical chamber model mimicking the air phase, is implemented and validated. This approach retains the accuracy of a meshless scheme in representing the hydrodynamics and restrains the computational time by assigning the air phase modeling to the analytical (low-fidelity) scheme. The implemented methodology is validated against experiments and proven to be versatile, allowing for the inclusion of both compressible and incompressible air formulations and of different laws to estimate the air pressure (related to different turbine kinds). Moreover, the feasibility of the proposed approach in modeling both fixed and floating OWCs is verified, positioning the method as a valuable tool in providing trustable simulations of OWCs performance.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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