Glyphosate, one of the most widely used herbicides worldwide, and its main breakdown product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), are increasingly detected in aquatic environments. Although glyphosate use was recently renewed in the European Union until 2033, the lack of adequate environmental regulation and monitoring in marine ecosystems coupled to the classification of glyphosate as toxic to aquatic life, make these “contaminants of concern”. Indeed, the long-term biological effects of glyphosate, and even more so those of AMPA, in non-target aquatic biota remain largely underexplored and debated. The overarching aim of this research was to provide a detailed characterization of glyphosate and AMPA toxicity in non-target aquatic organisms, by investigating their sub-chronic effects and mechanisms of action, as well as the biological impacts under environmentally realistic climate change–related scenarios. To this end, the research initially focused on characterizing the sublethal and long-lasting effects of glyphosate, AMPA, and their mixture in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, evaluating sub-chronic effects and recovery capacity through the analysis of a wide panel of biological processes. Subsequently, toxicity was assessed also under low-salinity conditions representative of climate change–driven scenarios, to explore the role of osmotic stress on chemicals toxicity. Also, the sensitivity to combined stressors was compared between two M. galloprovincialis populations, Italian and Portuguese, allowing to address both interpopulation variability in tolerance and adaptive capacity. Results confirmed glyphosate ability to interfere with multiple biological pathways in non-target marine organisms; however, under chronic exposure conditions, AMPA exhibited markedly higher biological reactivity than glyphosate, targeting neuro-immune, antioxidant, and lipid metabolism, with effects that persisted after the recovery phase indicating limited recovery capability in mussels. Given the higher toxicity of AMPA compared to glyphosate, its effects were assessed under hyposalinity scenarios, revealing the capability of haline stress to either exacerbate or counteract tissue-specific AMPA toxicity. Furthermore, marked differences in sensitivity between the two populations of M. galloprovincialis were observed, highlighting the relevance of intraspecific variability and environmental history in shaping the tolerance to multiple combined stressors. The elaboration of collected results through a quantitative Weight of Evidence approach, provided a synthetic hazard characterization of tested scenarios based on the number, magnitude and toxicological relevance of observed variations: AMPA exhibited a higher hazard classification than glyphosate, and was the main driver to overall hazard both in mixtures and hyposalinity scenarios. This approach allowed to increase the knowledge on these “contaminants of re-emerging concern”, emphasizing the need to include these in marine environmental normatives and regulation, and to develop tailored multiple stressor toxicological risk assessment frameworks for coastal and transitional ecosystems under climate change scenarios.
Il glifosato è uno degli erbicidi più utilizzati a livello mondiale, e insieme al suo principale prodotto di degradazione, l’acido aminometilfosfonico (AMPA), sono rilevati sempre più frequentemente negli ambienti acquatici. Sebbene l’uso del glifosato sia stato recentemente rinnovato nell’Unione Europea fino al 2033, questi composti sono inclusi tra i “Contaminanti di emergente interesse” per via della carenza di un’adeguata regolamentazione e di programmi di monitoraggio negli ecosistemi marini, unitamente alla classificazione del glifosato come tossico per la vita acquatica. Infatti, negli organismi acquatici non target gli effetti biologici a lungo termine del glifosato, e ancor più quelli dell’AMPA, risultano ancora ampiamente poco esplorati e oggetto di dibattito. L’obiettivo generale di questa ricerca è stato quello di fornire una caratterizzazione dettagliata della tossicità del glifosato e dell’AMPA in organismi acquatici non target, attraverso l’indagine dei loro effetti sub-cronici e dei meccanismi di azione, nonché degli impatti biologici in scenari ambientalmente realistici associati al cambiamento climatico. A tal fine, la ricerca si è inizialmente concentrata sulla caratterizzazione degli effetti sub-letali e a lungo termine del glifosato, dell’AMPA e della loro miscela nel mitilo mediterraneo Mytilus galloprovincialis, valutando gli effetti sub-cronici e la capacità di recupero mediante l’analisi di un ampio numero di processi biologici. Successivamente, la tossicità è stata valutata in condizioni di iposalinità, rappresentative di scenari di eventi estremi associati al cambiamento climatico, al fine di indagare come lo stress osmotico possa modulare gli effetti dei contaminanti. Inoltre, la sensibilità a questi stress combinati è stata confrontata tra due popolazioni di M. galloprovincialis, una italiana e una portoghese, permettendo di analizzare le differenze di sensibilità tra le due popolazioni in termini di tolleranza e capacità adattativa. I risultati ottenuti hanno confermato la capacità del glifosato di interferire con molteplici vie biologiche in organismi marini non target; tuttavia, in condizioni di esposizione cronica, l’AMPA ha mostrato una reattività biologica significativamente superiore rispetto al glifosato, interessando i sistemi neuro-immunitari, le difese antiossidanti e il metabolismo lipidico, con effetti persistenti oltre la fase di recupero, indicando una limitata capacità di ripristino fisiologico nei mitili. Considerata la maggiore tossicità dell’AMPA rispetto al glifosato, i suoi effetti sono stati ulteriormente valutati in scenari di iposalinità, evidenziando come lo stress osmotico possa amplificare o attenuare la tossicità tessuto-specifica dell’AMPA. Inoltre, sono emerse marcate differenze di sensibilità tra le due popolazioni di M. galloprovincialis, sottolineando la rilevanza della variabilità intraspecifica e della storia ambientale nel determinare la tolleranza a stress multipli combinati. I risultati sono stati elaborati mediante un approccio quantitativo di Weight of Evidence, che ha consentito di fornire una caratterizzazione sintetica del pericolo nei diversi scenari sperimentali, basata sul numero, sull’entità e sulla rilevanza tossicologica delle variazioni osservate: l’AMPA ha mostrato una classificazione di pericolo superiore rispetto al glifosato, emergendo anche come il principale driver di tossicità nelle esposizioni in miscela e negli scenari di iposalinità. Nel complesso, questo approccio ha contribuito ad ampliare le conoscenze su questi contaminanti di crescente interesse, evidenziando la necessità di includerli nelle normative ambientali marine e di sviluppare framework di valutazione del rischio tossicologico multi-stress specificamente adattati agli ecosistemi costieri e di transizione in un contesto di cambiamento climatico.
CARATTERIZZAZIONE ECOTOSSICOLOGICA DEL GLIFOSATO E DELL’ACIDO AMINOMETILFOSFONICO: UN APPROCCIO MULTILIVELLO IN SCENARI AMBIENTALMENTE REALISTICI / Vivani, V.. - (2026 May 14).
CARATTERIZZAZIONE ECOTOSSICOLOGICA DEL GLIFOSATO E DELL’ACIDO AMINOMETILFOSFONICO: UN APPROCCIO MULTILIVELLO IN SCENARI AMBIENTALMENTE REALISTICI
VIVANI, VERONICA
2026-05-14
Abstract
Glyphosate, one of the most widely used herbicides worldwide, and its main breakdown product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), are increasingly detected in aquatic environments. Although glyphosate use was recently renewed in the European Union until 2033, the lack of adequate environmental regulation and monitoring in marine ecosystems coupled to the classification of glyphosate as toxic to aquatic life, make these “contaminants of concern”. Indeed, the long-term biological effects of glyphosate, and even more so those of AMPA, in non-target aquatic biota remain largely underexplored and debated. The overarching aim of this research was to provide a detailed characterization of glyphosate and AMPA toxicity in non-target aquatic organisms, by investigating their sub-chronic effects and mechanisms of action, as well as the biological impacts under environmentally realistic climate change–related scenarios. To this end, the research initially focused on characterizing the sublethal and long-lasting effects of glyphosate, AMPA, and their mixture in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, evaluating sub-chronic effects and recovery capacity through the analysis of a wide panel of biological processes. Subsequently, toxicity was assessed also under low-salinity conditions representative of climate change–driven scenarios, to explore the role of osmotic stress on chemicals toxicity. Also, the sensitivity to combined stressors was compared between two M. galloprovincialis populations, Italian and Portuguese, allowing to address both interpopulation variability in tolerance and adaptive capacity. Results confirmed glyphosate ability to interfere with multiple biological pathways in non-target marine organisms; however, under chronic exposure conditions, AMPA exhibited markedly higher biological reactivity than glyphosate, targeting neuro-immune, antioxidant, and lipid metabolism, with effects that persisted after the recovery phase indicating limited recovery capability in mussels. Given the higher toxicity of AMPA compared to glyphosate, its effects were assessed under hyposalinity scenarios, revealing the capability of haline stress to either exacerbate or counteract tissue-specific AMPA toxicity. Furthermore, marked differences in sensitivity between the two populations of M. galloprovincialis were observed, highlighting the relevance of intraspecific variability and environmental history in shaping the tolerance to multiple combined stressors. The elaboration of collected results through a quantitative Weight of Evidence approach, provided a synthetic hazard characterization of tested scenarios based on the number, magnitude and toxicological relevance of observed variations: AMPA exhibited a higher hazard classification than glyphosate, and was the main driver to overall hazard both in mixtures and hyposalinity scenarios. This approach allowed to increase the knowledge on these “contaminants of re-emerging concern”, emphasizing the need to include these in marine environmental normatives and regulation, and to develop tailored multiple stressor toxicological risk assessment frameworks for coastal and transitional ecosystems under climate change scenarios.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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