Music is a temporally unfolding phenomenon that engages perceptual, motor, emotional, and reward-related cognitive systems in a tightly coordinated manner. Rhythm plays a central role by structuring temporal predictions, enabling sensorimotor coordination, and shaping affective responses, while musical pleasure emerges from the dynamic interaction between learned regularities, ongoing expectations, and their outcomes over time. Despite converging evidence that rhythm and reward are deeply intertwined, their relationship has rarely been investigated in an integrated manner. To address this gap, this dissertation investigated the rhythm–reward relationship from complementary perspectives, examining how rhythmic structure and musical pleasure jointly shape rhythmic processing, music perception, memory, and groove-related responses across individual differences and stimulus-driven mechanisms. Studies 1 and 2 focused on trait-level individual differences using behavioral tasks and validated questionnaires. Study 1, conducted in non-musicians (N=121), showed that higher sensitivity to music reward (musical hedonia) was associated with higher sensitivity in rhythmic production and perception. Study 2 analyzed data from a large preregistered multilab study on short-term memory in musicians (N=600) and non-musicians (N=600). Primary results showed a robust memory advantage in musicians for musical material, alongside smaller but reliable advantages for verbal and visuospatial stimuli. Additional analyses crucially confirmed a positive association between musical hedonia and music perception abilities across groups, indicating that the reward–perception link is not contingent on formal musical training. Studies 3 and 4 addressed state-level mechanisms through experimental manipulations of musical stimuli using behavioral and physiological measures in non-musicians. Study 3 combined two online behavioral experiments (Exp. 1, N=120; Exp. 2, N=128) using naturalistic musical excerpts to manipulate rhythmic complexity and assess its effects on subjective pleasure, rhythmic perception measured by a beat-alignment task, and metacognition in task performance. Both experiments revealed an inverted U-shaped relationship between rhythmic complexity and pleasure. Moreover, higher subjective pleasure increased perceived beat alignment when temporal misalignment was difficult to detect and metacognitive judgments of task performance. Study 4 combined behavioral assessments (Exp. 1, N=72) with pupillometry (Exp. 2, N=35), to investigate how expressive versus mechanical performance modulates pleasure and the wanting to move in response to high- and low-groove stimuli. High-groove excerpts elicited greater pleasure and wanting to move ratings than low-groove excerpts. Expressive performance selectively enhanced pleasure—particularly for low-groove music and high hedonic individuals—whereas mechanical performance increased the urge to move independently of groove level and specifically in low hedonic individuals. Preliminary pupillometric results further showed that physiological engagement was modulated by the interaction between groove and expressiveness and positively associated with musical hedonia. Together, these findings reveal a dissociation between affective and motor components of groove, also modulated by individual profiles. Overall, this PhD dissertation provides the first integrated empirical account of the rhythm–reward relationship across trait-level individual differences and state-level perceptual and affective processes. By demonstrating that musical pleasure systematically interacts with rhythmic processing across perception, memory, and groove-related responses, this work highlights reward as a central organizing principle linking prediction, perception, action, and pleasure in music, with implications for music cognition research, rhythm-based clinical interventions, and education.
La musica è un fenomeno che si dispiega nel tempo e coinvolge sistemi percettivi, motori, emotivi e di ricompensa. Il ritmo è centrale per strutturare le previsioni temporali, supportare la coordinazione sensomotoria e modulare le risposte affettive, mentre il piacere musicale emerge dall’interazione tra regolarità apprese, aspettative ed esiti nel tempo. Nonostante evidenze convergenti indichino una stretta relazione tra ritmo e ricompensa, tale rapporto è stato raramente indagato in modo integrato. Questa tesi ha esaminato la relazione tra ritmo e ricompensa da prospettive complementari, analizzando come struttura ritmica e piacere musicale influenzino l’elaborazione ritmica, la percezione musicale, la memoria e il groove (il piacevole desiderio di muoversi), considerando differenze individuali e manipolando le caratteristiche dello stimolo musicale. Gli Studi 1 e 2 si sono concentrati sulle differenze individuali a livello di tratto. Lo Studio 1, condotto su non-musicisti (N=121), ha mostrato che una maggiore sensibilità alla ricompensa musicale (anche definita edonia musicale) si associa a una maggiore sensibilità individuale nella produzione e percezione ritmica. Lo Studio 2 ha analizzato i dati di uno studio multi-laboratorio preregistrato sulla memoria a breve termine in musicisti (N=600) e non-musicisti (N=600). I risultati principali hanno evidenziato un marcato vantaggio di memoria nei musicisti per il materiale musicale, accompagnato da vantaggi minori ma affidabili per stimoli verbali e visuospaziali. Analisi aggiuntive hanno inoltre confermato un’associazione positiva tra edonia musicale e abilità di percezione musicale in entrambi i gruppi, indipendentemente dal training musicale formale. Gli Studi 3 e 4 hanno esaminato meccanismi a livello di stato tramite manipolazioni sperimentali di stimoli musicali in non musicisti. Lo Studio 3 ha combinato due esperimenti online (Esp. 1, N=120; Esp. 2, N=128) utilizzando estratti musicali naturalistici per manipolare la complessità ritmica e valutarne gli effetti su piacere soggettivo, percezione ritmica e metacognizione. Entrambi gli esperimenti hanno mostrato una relazione a U rovesciata tra complessità ritmica e piacere. Inoltre, livelli più elevati di piacere soggettivo hanno aumentato l’allineamento percepito del battito in condizioni di disallineamento temporale difficilmente rilevabile, nonché i giudizi metacognitivi sulla prestazione. Lo Studio 4 ha combinato misure comportamentali (Esp. 1, N=72) e di pupillometria (Esp. 2, N=35), per indagare come performance espressive e meccaniche modulino il piacere e il desiderio di muoversi in risposta a stimoli ad alto e basso groove. Gli estratti ad alto groove hanno suscitato livelli più elevati di piacere e desiderio di muoversi. Le performance espressive hanno inoltre incrementato selettivamente il piacere, soprattutto per la musica a basso groove e negli individui con alta edonia musicale, mentre le performance meccaniche hanno portato ad un aumento del desiderio di muoversi indipendentemente dal livello di groove e specificatamente negli individui con bassa edonia musicale. I risultati preliminari di pupillometria hanno indicato che il coinvolgimento fisiologico era modulato dall’interazione tra groove ed espressività ed era positivamente associato all’edonia musicale. Nel complesso, questa tesi di dottorato fornisce un resoconto empirico integrato della relazione tra ritmo e ricompensa, mostrando che il piacere musicale interagisce con l’elaborazione ritmica nella percezione, nella memoria e nelle risposte legate al groove, con implicazioni per la ricerca sulla cognizione musicale, gli interventi clinici basati sul ritmo e il contesto educativo.
La relazione tra ritmo e ricompensa in musica: meccanismi cognitivi e affettivi / Fullone, Eleonora. - (2026 Apr 08).
La relazione tra ritmo e ricompensa in musica: meccanismi cognitivi e affettivi
FULLONE, ELEONORA
2026-04-08
Abstract
Music is a temporally unfolding phenomenon that engages perceptual, motor, emotional, and reward-related cognitive systems in a tightly coordinated manner. Rhythm plays a central role by structuring temporal predictions, enabling sensorimotor coordination, and shaping affective responses, while musical pleasure emerges from the dynamic interaction between learned regularities, ongoing expectations, and their outcomes over time. Despite converging evidence that rhythm and reward are deeply intertwined, their relationship has rarely been investigated in an integrated manner. To address this gap, this dissertation investigated the rhythm–reward relationship from complementary perspectives, examining how rhythmic structure and musical pleasure jointly shape rhythmic processing, music perception, memory, and groove-related responses across individual differences and stimulus-driven mechanisms. Studies 1 and 2 focused on trait-level individual differences using behavioral tasks and validated questionnaires. Study 1, conducted in non-musicians (N=121), showed that higher sensitivity to music reward (musical hedonia) was associated with higher sensitivity in rhythmic production and perception. Study 2 analyzed data from a large preregistered multilab study on short-term memory in musicians (N=600) and non-musicians (N=600). Primary results showed a robust memory advantage in musicians for musical material, alongside smaller but reliable advantages for verbal and visuospatial stimuli. Additional analyses crucially confirmed a positive association between musical hedonia and music perception abilities across groups, indicating that the reward–perception link is not contingent on formal musical training. Studies 3 and 4 addressed state-level mechanisms through experimental manipulations of musical stimuli using behavioral and physiological measures in non-musicians. Study 3 combined two online behavioral experiments (Exp. 1, N=120; Exp. 2, N=128) using naturalistic musical excerpts to manipulate rhythmic complexity and assess its effects on subjective pleasure, rhythmic perception measured by a beat-alignment task, and metacognition in task performance. Both experiments revealed an inverted U-shaped relationship between rhythmic complexity and pleasure. Moreover, higher subjective pleasure increased perceived beat alignment when temporal misalignment was difficult to detect and metacognitive judgments of task performance. Study 4 combined behavioral assessments (Exp. 1, N=72) with pupillometry (Exp. 2, N=35), to investigate how expressive versus mechanical performance modulates pleasure and the wanting to move in response to high- and low-groove stimuli. High-groove excerpts elicited greater pleasure and wanting to move ratings than low-groove excerpts. Expressive performance selectively enhanced pleasure—particularly for low-groove music and high hedonic individuals—whereas mechanical performance increased the urge to move independently of groove level and specifically in low hedonic individuals. Preliminary pupillometric results further showed that physiological engagement was modulated by the interaction between groove and expressiveness and positively associated with musical hedonia. Together, these findings reveal a dissociation between affective and motor components of groove, also modulated by individual profiles. Overall, this PhD dissertation provides the first integrated empirical account of the rhythm–reward relationship across trait-level individual differences and state-level perceptual and affective processes. By demonstrating that musical pleasure systematically interacts with rhythmic processing across perception, memory, and groove-related responses, this work highlights reward as a central organizing principle linking prediction, perception, action, and pleasure in music, with implications for music cognition research, rhythm-based clinical interventions, and education.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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