This thesis proposes a system-based method for attributing environmental benefits generated by Industrial Symbiosis (IS). Industrial Symbiosis (IS) is increasingly promoted as a practical pathway for advancing the Circular Economy, enabling firms to exchange materials, energy, and services with the aim of reducing environmental pressures. Despite its intuitive appeal, companies and policymakers face persistent questions: do symbiotic exchanges generate net environmental benefits once all the involved processes are considered, and if so, of what type— such as reduced resource use, waste generation, or greenhouse gas emissions? Moreover, if benefits exist, how can they be credibly attributed to each of the enterprises involved without double counting or greenwashing? This thesis addresses these questions through a critical analysis of the environmental assessment of IS, mainly focusing on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Emergy evaluation: the former focus on potential environment impacts underpins most standards and policy frameworks the latter provides complementary information on resource investments from a donor-side perspective. While both methods are widely applied, they typically rely on different modelling assumptions to describe the same physical system, especially when multifunctionality occurs, limiting their joint interpretation. The thesis demonstrates that environmental benefits associated with IS cannot be robustly identified at the level of individual firms or isolated exchanges. When present, benefits emerge at the level of the symbiotic system as a whole, where multiple material and energy flows interact. Accordingly, IS is assessed through a system-level comparison between symbiotic configurations and the linear systems they replace. System boundaries are expanded to account for changes in resource extraction and alternative residue management and disposal pathways, thereby avoiding burden shifting. Once net system-level benefits are established, a practical attribution problem arises. In symbiotic systems, production residues simultaneously act as outputs to be managed and as substitutes for primary resources, making conventional flow-based allocation approaches inconsistent (the so-called upcycling dilemma). To address this issue, the thesis treats environmental improvement as a property of the system configuration itself, attributing benefits to participating enterprises in proportion to the overall improvement achieved by the IS system. This system-based attribution logicis applied coherently within both LCA and Emergy. Overall, the thesis introduces the Systems Industrial Ecology by providing a system-consistent framework to support evidence-based decision-making and to guide financial investments based on environmental gains aimed at fostering the development and expansion of industrial symbiosis networks within the sustainability transition.
Questa tesi propone un metodo per l’attribuzione dei benefici ambientali generati dalla Simbiosi Industriale (Industrial Symbiosis, IS) a partire dalla valutazione del miglioramento complessivo dovuto all’implementazione della IS stressa. La IS è sempre più promossa come uno strumento operativo per rendere concreta l’Economia Circolare, consentendo alle imprese di scambiare materiali, energia e servizi al fine di ridurre le pressioni ambientali. Tuttavia, permane una questione centrale per imprese e decisori pubblici: gli scambi simbiotici generano effettivamente benefici ambientali netti, considerando tutti i processi indotti, e come tali benefici possano essere attribuiti in modo credibile, evitando fenomeni di doppio conteggio o greenwashing? Per affrontare questo problema, la tesi sviluppa un’analisi critica degli approcci di valutazione ambientale applicati all’IS, con particolare riferimento alla Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) e all’analisi emergy. La LCA costituisce il metodo di riferimento per la quantificazione degli impatti ambientali potenziali ed è alla base della maggior parte degli standard e dei quadri normativi, mentre l’emergy fornisce informazioni complementari sugli investimenti di risorse da una prospettiva “donor-side”. Sebbene applicati agli stessi sistemi fisici, i due metodi si fondano spesso su presupposti di modellazione differenti, in particolare su come trattare la multifunzionalità, rendendo problematica una lettura coerente dei risultati. La tesi dimostra che i benefici ambientali associati alla IS non possono essere identificati in modo robusto a livello delle singole imprese o dei singoli scambi. Quando presenti, tali benefici emergono a livello del sistema simbiotico nel suo complesso, dove interagiscono molteplici flussi di materia ed energia. Di conseguenza, la IS viene valutata attraverso un confronto sistemico tra configurazioni simbiotiche e i sistemi lineari che vanno a sostituire. I confini del sistema vengono espansi per includere le variazioni nell’estrazione di risorse e nei percorsi alternativi di gestione e smaltimento dei residui, evitando lo spostamento degli impatti. Una volta accertato il beneficio netto a livello di sistema, emerge un problema operativo rilevante: come attribuire tale beneficio agli attori coinvolti? Nei sistemi simbiotici, infatti, i residui di produzione assumono una duplice natura: da una parte sono output da gestire e, dall’altra, diventano sostituti di risorse primarie, rendendo così inadeguati i criteri di allocazione tradizionali (il cosiddetto upcycling dilemma). Coerentemente con l’approccio sistemico adottato, la tesi considera il miglioramento ambientale una proprietà emergente della configurazione nel suo complesso, attribuendo a tutte le imprese partecipanti alla simbiosi un beneficio proporzionale al miglioramento complessivo del sistema. Questa logica di attribuzione può essere applicata in modo coerente sia nella LCA sia nell’emergy. Nel complesso, il lavoro di tesi contribuisce allo sviluppo della Systems Industrial Ecology, offrendo un quadro metodologico solido per supportare decisioni basate su evidenze (riduzione degli impatti potenziali) e, di conseguenza, orientare gli investimenti finanziari verso la formazione e l’espansione di network di simbiosi industriali nel contesto della transizione ecologica.
COME ATTRIBUIRE I BENEFICI AMBIENTALI DELLA SIMBIOSI INDUSTRIALE GUARDANDO AL SISTEMA: IL CONTRIBUTO DELLA SYSTEMS INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY / Ruini, Anna. - (2026 May 13).
COME ATTRIBUIRE I BENEFICI AMBIENTALI DELLA SIMBIOSI INDUSTRIALE GUARDANDO AL SISTEMA: IL CONTRIBUTO DELLA SYSTEMS INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
RUINI, ANNA
2026-05-13
Abstract
This thesis proposes a system-based method for attributing environmental benefits generated by Industrial Symbiosis (IS). Industrial Symbiosis (IS) is increasingly promoted as a practical pathway for advancing the Circular Economy, enabling firms to exchange materials, energy, and services with the aim of reducing environmental pressures. Despite its intuitive appeal, companies and policymakers face persistent questions: do symbiotic exchanges generate net environmental benefits once all the involved processes are considered, and if so, of what type— such as reduced resource use, waste generation, or greenhouse gas emissions? Moreover, if benefits exist, how can they be credibly attributed to each of the enterprises involved without double counting or greenwashing? This thesis addresses these questions through a critical analysis of the environmental assessment of IS, mainly focusing on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Emergy evaluation: the former focus on potential environment impacts underpins most standards and policy frameworks the latter provides complementary information on resource investments from a donor-side perspective. While both methods are widely applied, they typically rely on different modelling assumptions to describe the same physical system, especially when multifunctionality occurs, limiting their joint interpretation. The thesis demonstrates that environmental benefits associated with IS cannot be robustly identified at the level of individual firms or isolated exchanges. When present, benefits emerge at the level of the symbiotic system as a whole, where multiple material and energy flows interact. Accordingly, IS is assessed through a system-level comparison between symbiotic configurations and the linear systems they replace. System boundaries are expanded to account for changes in resource extraction and alternative residue management and disposal pathways, thereby avoiding burden shifting. Once net system-level benefits are established, a practical attribution problem arises. In symbiotic systems, production residues simultaneously act as outputs to be managed and as substitutes for primary resources, making conventional flow-based allocation approaches inconsistent (the so-called upcycling dilemma). To address this issue, the thesis treats environmental improvement as a property of the system configuration itself, attributing benefits to participating enterprises in proportion to the overall improvement achieved by the IS system. This system-based attribution logicis applied coherently within both LCA and Emergy. Overall, the thesis introduces the Systems Industrial Ecology by providing a system-consistent framework to support evidence-based decision-making and to guide financial investments based on environmental gains aimed at fostering the development and expansion of industrial symbiosis networks within the sustainability transition.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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