Space-borne atmospheric radars play a critical role in advancing our understanding of the Earth's atmosphere and its response to the warming climate by providing global and high-resolution observations of cloud and precipitation systems. Differently from ground-based and airborne systems, space-borne radars offer continuous global coverage and access to remote areas such as oceans and polar regions. Their measurements help to constrain uncertainties in radiative forcing, atmospheric dynamics and microphysics, and enhancing weather forecast capabilities including extreme weather events. The next generation of space-borne radars is designed to address key gaps in global observations of atmospheric systems and dynamics. Upcoming missions include the NASA INCUS (INvestigation of Convective UpdraftS) and ESA WIVERN (WInd VElocity Radar Nephoscope). INCUS employs a distributed small-satellite constellation of three Ka-band radars operating in synergy to measure temporal changes in radar reflectivity over 30, 90, and 120 seconds intervals, enabling the retrieval of vertical convective mass flux. WIVERN, on the other hand, utilizes a conically scanning W-band Doppler radar with a wide swath, allowing for the observation of three-dimensional distribution of both hydrometeor mass and in-cloud winds across spatial scales from 1 to 1000 km. The simulation of Level-1 products, such as radar reflectivity and Doppler velocity, is a crucial step in mission development and in the design of retrieval algorithms that transform radar measurements into geophysical products, a process that is inherently complex and usually under-constrained. Furthermore, there are some issues specific to space-borne radar observations that further complicate the retrieval and increase the uncertainty in the modeling of the measurements: satellite Doppler-fading, non-uniform beam filling (NUBF), precise knowledge of the pointing, large footprint size, aliasing, and sparse sampling. The thesis aims at assessing some of the performances, analyzing some of the issues, and trying to reduce some of the uncertainty associated to them. Specifically, in relation to WIVERN, two issues will be discussed: the characterization and correction of the mispointing errors in the Doppler velocity, and the performance on the sampling of atmospheric phenomena with a specific focus on the polar snowfall, which is a useful product for the estimation of the ice sheet mass balance in the Polar regions. For INCUS, the impact of the footprint size, specifically three-dimensional multiple-scattering effects will be addressed. The latter will be discussed also for an EarthCARE-like W-band radar, with results potentially transferable to WIVERN.
I radar atmosferici spaziali svolgono un ruolo cruciale nell’approfondire la nostra comprensione dell’atmosfera terrestre e della sua risposta al riscaldamento climatico, fornendo osservazioni globali e ad alta risoluzione dei sistemi nuvolosi e delle precipitazioni. A differenza dei sistemi basati a terra o su velivoli, i radar spaziali offrono una copertura globale continua e l’accesso ad aree remote come oceani e regioni polari. Le loro misure contribuiscono a ridurre le incertezze legate al radiative forcing, alla dinamica atmosferica e alla microfisica, migliorando anche le capacità di previsione meteorologica, inclusi gli eventi estremi. La nuova generazione di radar spaziali è progettata per colmare importanti lacune nelle osservazioni globali dei sistemi e della dinamica atmosferica. Tra le missioni di prossima realizzazione figurano INCUS (INvestigation of Convective UpdraftS) e WIVERN (WInd VElocity Radar Nephoscope). INCUS utilizza una costellazione distribuita di tre piccoli satelliti dotati di radar in banda Ka che operano in sinergia per misurare le variazioni temporali della riflettività radar su intervalli di 30, 90 e 120 secondi, consentendo la stima del flusso convettivo di massa verticale. WIVERN, invece, utilizza un radar Doppler in banda W a scansione conica con ampia fascia di copertura, che consente l’osservazione della distribuzione tridimensionale sia della massa delle idrometeore sia dei venti all’interno delle nubi su scale spaziali da 1 a 1000 km. La simulazione dei prodotti di Livello-1, come la riflettività radar e la velocità Doppler, rappresenta una fase cruciale nello sviluppo delle missioni e nella progettazione degli algoritmi di retrieval che trasformano le misure radar in prodotti geofisici, un processo intrinsecamente complesso. Inoltre, esistono diverse problematiche specifiche delle osservazioni radar spaziali che complicano ulteriormente il retrieval e aumentano l’incertezza nella modellazione delle misure: satellite Doppler-fading, riempimento non uniforme del fascio (NUBF), conoscenza precisa del puntamento, dimensione dell’area illuminata al suolo, aliasing e campionamento. La tesi mira a valutare alcune delle prestazioni, analizzare alcune di queste problematiche e tentare di ridurre parte dell’incertezza ad esse associata. In particolare, per quanto riguarda WIVERN, verranno discussi due aspetti: la caratterizzazione e la correzione degli errori di puntamento nella velocità Doppler e le prestazioni nel campionamento dei fenomeni atmosferici, con particolare attenzione alle precipitazioni nevose polari, un prodotto utile per la stima del bilancio di massa delle calotte glaciali artiche ed antartiche. Per INCUS verrà analizzato l’impatto della dimensione dell’impronta al suolo, in particolare gli effetti di multiple scattering tridimensionale. Questi ultimi saranno discussi anche per un radar in banda W simile a EarthCare, con risultati potenzialmente trasferibili a WIVERN.
Studi preliminari per la prossima generazione di radar atmosferici spaziali / Scarsi, Filippo Emilio. - (2026 May 12).
Studi preliminari per la prossima generazione di radar atmosferici spaziali
SCARSI, FILIPPO EMILIO
2026-05-12
Abstract
Space-borne atmospheric radars play a critical role in advancing our understanding of the Earth's atmosphere and its response to the warming climate by providing global and high-resolution observations of cloud and precipitation systems. Differently from ground-based and airborne systems, space-borne radars offer continuous global coverage and access to remote areas such as oceans and polar regions. Their measurements help to constrain uncertainties in radiative forcing, atmospheric dynamics and microphysics, and enhancing weather forecast capabilities including extreme weather events. The next generation of space-borne radars is designed to address key gaps in global observations of atmospheric systems and dynamics. Upcoming missions include the NASA INCUS (INvestigation of Convective UpdraftS) and ESA WIVERN (WInd VElocity Radar Nephoscope). INCUS employs a distributed small-satellite constellation of three Ka-band radars operating in synergy to measure temporal changes in radar reflectivity over 30, 90, and 120 seconds intervals, enabling the retrieval of vertical convective mass flux. WIVERN, on the other hand, utilizes a conically scanning W-band Doppler radar with a wide swath, allowing for the observation of three-dimensional distribution of both hydrometeor mass and in-cloud winds across spatial scales from 1 to 1000 km. The simulation of Level-1 products, such as radar reflectivity and Doppler velocity, is a crucial step in mission development and in the design of retrieval algorithms that transform radar measurements into geophysical products, a process that is inherently complex and usually under-constrained. Furthermore, there are some issues specific to space-borne radar observations that further complicate the retrieval and increase the uncertainty in the modeling of the measurements: satellite Doppler-fading, non-uniform beam filling (NUBF), precise knowledge of the pointing, large footprint size, aliasing, and sparse sampling. The thesis aims at assessing some of the performances, analyzing some of the issues, and trying to reduce some of the uncertainty associated to them. Specifically, in relation to WIVERN, two issues will be discussed: the characterization and correction of the mispointing errors in the Doppler velocity, and the performance on the sampling of atmospheric phenomena with a specific focus on the polar snowfall, which is a useful product for the estimation of the ice sheet mass balance in the Polar regions. For INCUS, the impact of the footprint size, specifically three-dimensional multiple-scattering effects will be addressed. The latter will be discussed also for an EarthCARE-like W-band radar, with results potentially transferable to WIVERN.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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