Plastic pollution and climate change are among the most pressing environmental and social challenges of our time, largely driven by human activities. Through three distinct case studies in the Mediterranean Sea, this thesis aims to provide an ecosystem-wide assessment of the ecological impacts of macro- and microplastics, alongside multi-scale investigations of microplastic trophic transfer in species of ecological and commercial relevance within Mediterranean marine ecosystems. The first case of study (Chapter 1) investigated the relationship between plastic litter and macrozoobenthic communities in a sensitive coastal lagoon ecosystem. A total of 277 plastic items were analysed to study the associated benthic fauna characterized by species with sessile lifestyles, filter-feeding strategies, and reproductive cycles involving planktonic propagules. Spatial and seasonal variations in macrozoobenthic communities primarily influenced colonization patterns, while polymer type had a limited effect. Several non-indigenous species (NIS) were identified, highlighting the relevant role of plastic litter in space and resources provision, strongly facilitating their estamblishment and secondary dispersal. The second case of study (Chapter 2) examined microplastic contamination and potential trophic transfer in two ecologically relevant species within mesopelagic food web: the euphausiid Thysanopoda aequalis and the mesopelagic fish Argyropelecus hemigymnus. Microplastic particles, mainly composed by polyethylene terephthalate (PET), were detected in both species, with slightly higher concentrations in A. hemigymnus (1.2 particles ind−1) compared to the T. aequalis (1.0 particles ind−1). Considering the trophic relationship between the two studied species confirmed by stomach content analysis (being T. aequalis a relevant prey of A. hemigymnus in the studied area) the findings regarding the ingested microplastics could provide first field-based evidence of trophic transfer that need to be confirmed by further studies. The third case of study (Chapter 3) investigated microplastics transfer and trophic interactions in three commercially important species within the pelagic food web, involving the top- predator Seriola dumerili and its preys, Sardinella aurita and Engraulis encrasicolus. Microplastic contamination was highest in the predator (3.8 particles ind−1) compared to the preys (1.9, and 0.8 particles ind−1, respectively). The characteristics of the plastics could suggest potential trophic transfer, particularly between S. aurita and S. dumerili, although biomagnification was not observed (BMFTL < 1). Collectively, these studies provide a comprehensive assessment of plastic pollution impacts on Mediterranean biota and ecosystems under climate change scenario, offering a framework for monitoring, conservation, and management strategies.
L’inquinamento da plastica e il cambiamento climatico rappresentano una delle più urgenti sfide ambientali e sociali del nostro tempo, in gran parte determinate dalle attività umane. Attraverso tre distinti casi di studio nel Mar Mediterraneo, questa tesi mira a fornire una valutazione su scala ecosistemica degli impatti ecologici riguardanti macro- e microplastiche, includendo inoltre indagini multi-scala sul trasferimento trofico di microplastiche in specie di rilevanza ecologica e commerciale all’interno degli ecosistemi marini mediterranei. Il primo caso studio (Capitolo 1) ha esplorato la relazione tra i rifiuti plastici e le comunità macrozoobentoniche in un delicato ecosistema lagunare costiero, la laguna di Capo Peloro (Messina). Un totale di 277 rifiuti plastici è stato analizzato per valutare la fauna bentonica ad essi associata, risultata caratterizzata principalmente da specie con stili di vita sessili, strategie alimentari di tipo filtratore e cicli riproduttivi che prevedono il rilascio di propaguli pelagici. I pattern di colonizzazione delle comunità macrozoobentoniche sono stati influenzati principalmente da variazioni spaziali e stagionali, mentre la tipologia di polimero ha mostrato un effetto limitato. Sono state identificate diverse specie non indigene (NIS) associate ai rifiuti plastici, evidenziando un ruolo rilevante dei detriti plastici nella fornitura di substrati e risorse idonei alla colonizzazione, favorendone un potenziale insediamento. Il secondo caso studio (Capitolo 2) ha esaminato la contaminazione da microplastiche e il potenziale trasferimento trofico in due specie di rilevanza ecologica all’interno della rete trofica mesopelagica, comprendendo: l’eufausiaceo Thysanopoda aequalis e il pesce osseo mesopelagico Argyropelecus hemigymnus. Le microplastiche, composte principalmente da polietilene tereftalato, sono state rilevate in entrambe le specie con concentrazioni leggermente più elevate in A. hemigymnus (1,2 particelle ind−1) rispetto a T. aequalis (1,0 particelle ind−1). Considerata la relazione trofica tra le due specie studiate, i risultati relativi alle microplastiche ingerite potrebbero fornire una preliminare evidenza del trasferimento trofico basata su dati racconti in ambiente. Il terzo caso studio (Capitolo 3) ha indagato il trasferimento delle microplastiche e le interazioni trofiche tra tre specie di interesse commerciale all’interno della rete trofica pelagica, coinvolgendo il predatore apicale Seriola dumerili e le sue principali prede, Sardinella aurita ed Engraulis encrasicolus. La contaminazione da microplastiche è risultata maggiore nel predatore (3,8 particelle ind−1) rispetto alle prede (1,9 e 0,8 particelle ind−1, rispettivamente). Inoltre, le caratteristiche delle microplastiche suggeriscono un potenziale trasferimento trofico, in particolare tra S. aurita e S. dumerili, sebbene non sia stata osservata biomagnificazione (BMFTL < 1). Nel complesso, questi studi forniscono una valutazione integrata degli impatti dell’inquinamento da plastica sugli organismi ed ecosistemi marini mediterranei in uno scenario già fortemente impattato dai cambiamenti climatici, offrendo un quadro di riferimento per il monitoraggio, la conservazione e le strategie di gestione.
Valutazione delle implicazioni dell’inquinamento da plastica sulla vita marina: dal trasferimento trofico all’utilizzo come pseudo-habitat / Saccardi, Laura. - (2026 May 13).
Valutazione delle implicazioni dell’inquinamento da plastica sulla vita marina: dal trasferimento trofico all’utilizzo come pseudo-habitat
SACCARDI, LAURA
2026-05-13
Abstract
Plastic pollution and climate change are among the most pressing environmental and social challenges of our time, largely driven by human activities. Through three distinct case studies in the Mediterranean Sea, this thesis aims to provide an ecosystem-wide assessment of the ecological impacts of macro- and microplastics, alongside multi-scale investigations of microplastic trophic transfer in species of ecological and commercial relevance within Mediterranean marine ecosystems. The first case of study (Chapter 1) investigated the relationship between plastic litter and macrozoobenthic communities in a sensitive coastal lagoon ecosystem. A total of 277 plastic items were analysed to study the associated benthic fauna characterized by species with sessile lifestyles, filter-feeding strategies, and reproductive cycles involving planktonic propagules. Spatial and seasonal variations in macrozoobenthic communities primarily influenced colonization patterns, while polymer type had a limited effect. Several non-indigenous species (NIS) were identified, highlighting the relevant role of plastic litter in space and resources provision, strongly facilitating their estamblishment and secondary dispersal. The second case of study (Chapter 2) examined microplastic contamination and potential trophic transfer in two ecologically relevant species within mesopelagic food web: the euphausiid Thysanopoda aequalis and the mesopelagic fish Argyropelecus hemigymnus. Microplastic particles, mainly composed by polyethylene terephthalate (PET), were detected in both species, with slightly higher concentrations in A. hemigymnus (1.2 particles ind−1) compared to the T. aequalis (1.0 particles ind−1). Considering the trophic relationship between the two studied species confirmed by stomach content analysis (being T. aequalis a relevant prey of A. hemigymnus in the studied area) the findings regarding the ingested microplastics could provide first field-based evidence of trophic transfer that need to be confirmed by further studies. The third case of study (Chapter 3) investigated microplastics transfer and trophic interactions in three commercially important species within the pelagic food web, involving the top- predator Seriola dumerili and its preys, Sardinella aurita and Engraulis encrasicolus. Microplastic contamination was highest in the predator (3.8 particles ind−1) compared to the preys (1.9, and 0.8 particles ind−1, respectively). The characteristics of the plastics could suggest potential trophic transfer, particularly between S. aurita and S. dumerili, although biomagnification was not observed (BMFTL < 1). Collectively, these studies provide a comprehensive assessment of plastic pollution impacts on Mediterranean biota and ecosystems under climate change scenario, offering a framework for monitoring, conservation, and management strategies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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