Contemporary muralism and street art represent a significant dimension of modern cultural heritage, valued for their accessibility, social impact, and role in shaping urban identity. However, their preservation faces critical challenges: vulnerability to degradation processes due to environmental factors and the problem of vandalism. Addressing these issues requires innovative conservation approaches that are not only effective but also aligned with the principles of sustainability, as emphasized in Sustainable Development Goal 11. This doctoral research, conducted within the PRIN2020 SuperStaAr project, develops and evaluates sustainability-oriented strategies for the conservation of contemporary murals, with a particular focus on laser cleaning technologies, protective coatings, and integrated analytical methods. First, an extensive review of the research on sustainable conservation (2016–2024) is presented, highlighting a dominance of preventive monitoring and risk assessment practices, and a strong geographical imbalance with most publications originating from Europe. Experimental work evaluates laser cleaning as a more sustainable alternative to conventional solvent-based graffiti removal. Selective removal of graffiti-like overpaints was tested on double-layer mock-ups representative of contemporary murals, prepared with acrylic, alkyd, and styrene-acrylic paints under both unaged and artificially aged conditions. Two laser regimes, Q-switched and long Q-switched, were compared. Cleaning outcomes were assessed using an empirical evaluation protocol, then validated through a multi-analytical approach including colorimetry, raking light photography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). A passive sampling method, combining a micro-aspirator with quartz fibre collection, was also developed to characterize ablated residues by Py-GC/MS without taking invasive samples from the cleaned paint surfaces. To improve laser cleaning selectivity, a water-based alkyl alkoxysilane coating is applied as an intermediate protective layer between the original paint and the simulated graffiti. The coating effectively mitigates painting degradation under accelerated aging conditions, reduces topographical loss of the underlying layer (height difference reduced by 40–65%) and supports the preservation of bottom layer as indicated by FTIR and Py-GC/MS evidences. Finally, five commercial protective coatings are assessed on a large-scale mural in Turin through two years of in situ monitoring using portable, non-invasive methods. Silane-based systems show the best balance between aesthetic compatibility and persistent water repellence, while acrylic coatings tend to increase gloss and darken over time, with one acrylic product showing reduced water repellency. Overall, this thesis offers practical guidelines and broader reflections for the sustainable preservation of contemporary murals. It provides empirical evidence, methodological frameworks, and decision-making tools that can support conservators in choosing cleaning and protection strategies. It also highlights the need for longer monitoring periods and wider validation on real materials under diverse outdoor conditions. Beyond technical experimentation, the work underpins conservation strategies that balance environmental impact, economic feasibility, and social value, so that public art can be maintained responsibly while preserving its cultural meaning for future generations.
Il muralismo contemporaneo e la street art rappresentano una componente significativa del patrimonio culturale moderno, apprezzati per la loro accessibilità, l’impatto sociale e il ruolo nel definire l’identità urbana. Tuttavia, la loro conservazione affronta criticità rilevanti, inclusa la vulnerabilità al degrado causata da fattori ambientali e il problema del vandalismo. Rispondere a queste sfide richiede approcci innovativi che siano non solo efficaci, ma anche coerenti con i principi della sostenibilità, come evidenziato dall’Obiettivo di Sviluppo Sostenibile 11. Questa ricerca di dottorato, svolta nell’ambito del progetto nazionale PRIN2020 SuperStaAr, sviluppa e valuta strategie orientate alla sostenibilità per la conservazione dei murales contemporanei, con particolare attenzione alle tecnologie di pulitura laser, ai sistemi di rivestimento protettivo e a metodi analitici integrati. In primo luogo, viene presentata un’ampia rassegna della ricerca sulla conservazione sostenibile (2016–2024), che evidenzia una predominanza di pratiche basate su monitoraggio preventivo e valutazione del rischio, oltre a un forte squilibrio geografico, con la maggior parte delle pubblicazioni provenienti dall’Europa. Il lavoro sperimentale valuta la pulitura laser come alternativa più sostenibile alla rimozione di graffiti basata su solventi. La rimozione selettiva di ridipinture simili a graffiti è stata testata su provini a doppio strato rappresentativi dei murales contemporanei, preparati con pitture acriliche, alchidiche e stirene-acriliche, sia non invecchiate sia sottoposte a invecchiamento artificiale. Sono stati confrontati due regimi laser, Q-switched e long Q-switched. I risultati della pulitura sono stati valutati tramite un protocollo empirico, quindi validati con un approccio multi-analitico che include colorimetria, luce radente, spettroscopia infrarossa in trasformata di Fourier (FTIR) e pirolisi-gascromatografia/spettrometria di massa (Py-GC/MS). È stato inoltre sviluppato un metodo di campionamento passivo, che combina un micro-aspiratore con la raccolta su fibra di quarzo, per caratterizzare i materiali ablati tramite Py-GC/MS senza l’ulteriore prelievo di campione dalle superfici pittoriche pulite. Per migliorare la selettività della pulitura laser, è stato applicato un coating a base di alchil-alcossisilano come strato protettivo intermedio tra la pittura originale e il graffito simulato. Il coating riduce efficacemente il degrado della pittura durante l’invecchiamento accelerato, diminuisce la perdita della topografia dello strato sottostante (differenza di altezza ridotta del 40–65%) e favorisce la preservazione dello strato inferiore, come indicato dalle evidenze FTIR e Py-GC/MS. Infine, cinque coating protettivi commerciali sono stati testati su un murale a Torino tramite due anni di monitoraggio in situ, impiegando metodi portatili e non invasivi. I coating a base di silani mostrano il miglior equilibrio tra compatibilità estetica e idrorepellenza, mentre i coating acrilici tendono ad aumentare la brillantezza e a scurire nel tempo. Un prodotto acrilico, in particolare, evidenzia una riduzione dell’idrorepellenza. Nel complesso, questa tesi offre linee guida pratiche e riflessioni più ampie per la conservazione sostenibile dei murales contemporanei. Fornisce evidenze empiriche, quadri metodologici e strumenti di supporto decisionale utili ai conservatori nella scelta delle strategie di pulitura e protezione. Sottolinea inoltre la necessità di periodi di monitoraggio più lunghi e di una validazione più ampia su materiali reali in condizioni outdoor diversificate. Oltre alla sperimentazione tecnica, il lavoro sostiene strategie conservative capaci di bilanciare impatto ambientale, fattibilità economica e valore sociale, affinché l’arte pubblica possa essere mantenuta in modo responsabile preservandone il significato culturale per le generazioni future.
Strategie Orientate alla Sostenibilità per la Conservazione dei Murales Contemporanei: Pulitura Laser, Coating Protettivi e Valutazione Analitica / Zhang, Yezi. - (2026 May 12).
Strategie Orientate alla Sostenibilità per la Conservazione dei Murales Contemporanei: Pulitura Laser, Coating Protettivi e Valutazione Analitica
ZHANG, YEZI
2026-05-12
Abstract
Contemporary muralism and street art represent a significant dimension of modern cultural heritage, valued for their accessibility, social impact, and role in shaping urban identity. However, their preservation faces critical challenges: vulnerability to degradation processes due to environmental factors and the problem of vandalism. Addressing these issues requires innovative conservation approaches that are not only effective but also aligned with the principles of sustainability, as emphasized in Sustainable Development Goal 11. This doctoral research, conducted within the PRIN2020 SuperStaAr project, develops and evaluates sustainability-oriented strategies for the conservation of contemporary murals, with a particular focus on laser cleaning technologies, protective coatings, and integrated analytical methods. First, an extensive review of the research on sustainable conservation (2016–2024) is presented, highlighting a dominance of preventive monitoring and risk assessment practices, and a strong geographical imbalance with most publications originating from Europe. Experimental work evaluates laser cleaning as a more sustainable alternative to conventional solvent-based graffiti removal. Selective removal of graffiti-like overpaints was tested on double-layer mock-ups representative of contemporary murals, prepared with acrylic, alkyd, and styrene-acrylic paints under both unaged and artificially aged conditions. Two laser regimes, Q-switched and long Q-switched, were compared. Cleaning outcomes were assessed using an empirical evaluation protocol, then validated through a multi-analytical approach including colorimetry, raking light photography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). A passive sampling method, combining a micro-aspirator with quartz fibre collection, was also developed to characterize ablated residues by Py-GC/MS without taking invasive samples from the cleaned paint surfaces. To improve laser cleaning selectivity, a water-based alkyl alkoxysilane coating is applied as an intermediate protective layer between the original paint and the simulated graffiti. The coating effectively mitigates painting degradation under accelerated aging conditions, reduces topographical loss of the underlying layer (height difference reduced by 40–65%) and supports the preservation of bottom layer as indicated by FTIR and Py-GC/MS evidences. Finally, five commercial protective coatings are assessed on a large-scale mural in Turin through two years of in situ monitoring using portable, non-invasive methods. Silane-based systems show the best balance between aesthetic compatibility and persistent water repellence, while acrylic coatings tend to increase gloss and darken over time, with one acrylic product showing reduced water repellency. Overall, this thesis offers practical guidelines and broader reflections for the sustainable preservation of contemporary murals. It provides empirical evidence, methodological frameworks, and decision-making tools that can support conservators in choosing cleaning and protection strategies. It also highlights the need for longer monitoring periods and wider validation on real materials under diverse outdoor conditions. Beyond technical experimentation, the work underpins conservation strategies that balance environmental impact, economic feasibility, and social value, so that public art can be maintained responsibly while preserving its cultural meaning for future generations.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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PhD SDC Thesis Yezi Zhang Final version.pdf
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