The thesis investigates Nature-Related Risks in Brazil, the largest economy in Latin America and the Caribbean region. The central aim of this research is to address critical gaps in the literature by exploring firms’ and households' exposure and vulnerability to Nature-Related Risks. The study is structured as a collection of three papers. The first one examines the intersection of climate-related risks and corporate financial vulnerability in Brazil. Given Brazil’s substantial contribution to carbon emissions, its high exposure to adverse natural/climate events, and the deteriorating financial health of various corporate sectors, this research addresses a topical aspect in the current economic debate. More precisely, the paper assesses the financial conditions of a large sample of Brazilian firms in different economic sectors from 2017 to 2020 and evaluates sectors’ exposure to climate and nature-related risks: several macro-sectors classified as hedge-speculative, speculative, and even Ponzi are found to be highly susceptible to climate and nature risks. The second paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the risks associated with capital stranding and financial vulnerability in Brazil due to nature-related transition shocks. The study utilizes both Ghosh and Leontief input-output models to assess the cascading propagation effects of transition shocks, focusing on sectors that pressure biodiversity and climate change at the same time. Additionally, the paper couples the exposure analysis with the financial vulnerability assessment carried out in the first paper. The findings highlight that both high-pressuring and low-pressuring sectors are exposed to capital stranding risks, which can in turn result in financial distress, especially for sectors already in speculative or Ponzi financial positions. The third paper expands the second one investigating the role of households in amplifying economic and financial risks stemming from the ecological crisis. The analysis endogenizes the household sector into the previous input-output models in order to compute the impacts of a transition risk on employment and wages in different sectors, and to understand their feedbacks on production. Results show that total effects on wage, employment and capital stranding increase significantly when the impacts channeled through households’ consumption are considered. Service sectors in already financially fragile positions are found to be the most impacted when we account for these effects. The high level of indebtedness among households results in higher vulnerabilities and overall financial fragility, indicating an alarming picture of large transition-related financial risks. The research brings new crucial information on vulnerabilities and indirect exposures to the table for better macro-prudential policy making, especially as Central Banks face growing expectations to incorporate Nature-Related Risk considerations into their mandate.
La tesi esplora i rischi legati al cambiamento climatico e alla perdita di biodiversità in Brasile, la più grande economia dell'America Latina e dei Caraibi. L'obiettivo principale della ricerca è colmare critiche lacune nella letteratura, esaminando in particolare l'esposizione e la vulnerabilità delle imprese e delle famiglie. Lo studio è strutturato come una raccolta di tre articoli. il primo articolo analizza l'intersezione tra i rischi climatici e la vulnerabilità finanziaria delle imprese in Brasile. Considerando il contributo consistente del Brasile alle emissioni di carbonio, l’alta esposizione ad avversi eventi naturali/climatici e il deterioramento della salute finanziaria di vari settori economici, lo studio affronta un aspetto topico nel dibattito economico contemporaneo. Più precisamente, il lavoro esamina le condizioni finanziarie di un ampio campione di imprese brasiliane in diversi settori economici dal 2017 al 2020 e discute la loro esposizione ai rischi legati al clima e alla natura: diversi macro-settori mediamente o altamente fragili finanziariamente sono esposti ai rischi climatici e naturali. Il secondo articolo fornisce un'analisi dei rischi di transizione associati al potenziale inutilizzo dello stock di capitale (i.e. capital stranding) delle imprese in Brasile. Lo studio utilizza i modelli input-output di Ghosh e Leontief per valutare gli effetti di propagazione a cascata nell'economia brasiliana, concentrandosi sui settori che esercitano una pressione simultanea sulla biodiversità e sul cambiamento climatico. Inoltre, l'articolo collega l'analisi dell'esposizione con la valutazione della vulnerabilità finanziaria sviluppata nel primo articolo. I risultati evidenziano che sia i settori ad alta pressione che quelli a bassa pressione su cambiamento climatico e biodiversità sono esposti ai rischi di capital stranding, che a loro volta possono portare a difficoltà finanziarie, in particolare per i settori già in fragili posizioni. Il terzo articolo amplia il secondo, esplorando il contributo delle famiglie nell’accrescere i rischi economici legati alla transizione ecologica. L'analisi endogenizza le famiglie nei precedenti modelli input-output per calcolare gli impatti sull'occupazione e sui salari in diversi settori, e i possibili effetti indiretti a cascata sulla produzione. I risultati mostrano che l’esposizione aumenta notevolmente considerando i consumi delle famiglie e la quota maggiore di esposizione indiretta riguarda i settori dei servizi in posizioni finanziariamente fragili. In generale, la ricerca fornisce nuove informazioni sulle vulnerabilità e le esposizioni indirette legate al cambiamento climatico e alla perdita di biodiversità, e contribuisce a una migliore elaborazione delle politiche macro-prudenziali in Brasile.
Rischi Climatici e Naturali in Brasile: Esposizione e Vulnerabilità delle imprese e delle famiglie / Modica Scala, Angela. - (2025 Mar 27).
Rischi Climatici e Naturali in Brasile: Esposizione e Vulnerabilità delle imprese e delle famiglie
MODICA SCALA, ANGELA
2025-03-27
Abstract
The thesis investigates Nature-Related Risks in Brazil, the largest economy in Latin America and the Caribbean region. The central aim of this research is to address critical gaps in the literature by exploring firms’ and households' exposure and vulnerability to Nature-Related Risks. The study is structured as a collection of three papers. The first one examines the intersection of climate-related risks and corporate financial vulnerability in Brazil. Given Brazil’s substantial contribution to carbon emissions, its high exposure to adverse natural/climate events, and the deteriorating financial health of various corporate sectors, this research addresses a topical aspect in the current economic debate. More precisely, the paper assesses the financial conditions of a large sample of Brazilian firms in different economic sectors from 2017 to 2020 and evaluates sectors’ exposure to climate and nature-related risks: several macro-sectors classified as hedge-speculative, speculative, and even Ponzi are found to be highly susceptible to climate and nature risks. The second paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the risks associated with capital stranding and financial vulnerability in Brazil due to nature-related transition shocks. The study utilizes both Ghosh and Leontief input-output models to assess the cascading propagation effects of transition shocks, focusing on sectors that pressure biodiversity and climate change at the same time. Additionally, the paper couples the exposure analysis with the financial vulnerability assessment carried out in the first paper. The findings highlight that both high-pressuring and low-pressuring sectors are exposed to capital stranding risks, which can in turn result in financial distress, especially for sectors already in speculative or Ponzi financial positions. The third paper expands the second one investigating the role of households in amplifying economic and financial risks stemming from the ecological crisis. The analysis endogenizes the household sector into the previous input-output models in order to compute the impacts of a transition risk on employment and wages in different sectors, and to understand their feedbacks on production. Results show that total effects on wage, employment and capital stranding increase significantly when the impacts channeled through households’ consumption are considered. Service sectors in already financially fragile positions are found to be the most impacted when we account for these effects. The high level of indebtedness among households results in higher vulnerabilities and overall financial fragility, indicating an alarming picture of large transition-related financial risks. The research brings new crucial information on vulnerabilities and indirect exposures to the table for better macro-prudential policy making, especially as Central Banks face growing expectations to incorporate Nature-Related Risk considerations into their mandate.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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