Whether the neural representation of abstract concepts is similar to concrete knowledge, namely organized into categories, and grounded in the brain regions coding for the corresponding experience is still debated. Here, we investigated the multidimensionality of abstract concepts by means of a multidisciplinary approach including a functional magnetic resonance imaging adaptation (fMRI-A) study, a state-dependent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study, and a behavioural priming in neurodegenerative patients, which have been constructed on the basis of evidence reported in an initial systematic literature revision. Literature revision highlighted strengths and limitations of the main methods used for the characterization of abstract concepts, namely featural approach, rating procedures, and lexical databases, and offered evidence in favour of a multidimensional representation of abstract concepts, including emotions, social, mental states and magnitude dimensions, subserved by relatively different neural correlates, known to be involved, respectively, in affective, mentalizing, social cognition and numerical processing. Consequently, we explored different categories of abstract concepts, namely emotions, cognitions, attitudes, human actions, social and quantity-related. Specifically, emotions, cognitions, attitudes, human actions have been compared to concrete concepts in a fMRI-A study in healthy subjects. Adaptation paradigms allowed the exploration of the functional characteristics of a neural population, by means of the property displayed by some neurons of decreasing their response to a repeated stimulus. Different portions of the left anterior temporal lobe responded selectively to abstract and concrete concepts. Concrete items adaptated the left fusiform gyrus, responsible for high level visual processing, while emotions and attitudes induced adaptation in the left middle temporal gyrus, involved in socio-emotional knowledge. We subsequently focused on social and quantity concepts, used in both TMS and clinical studies. In the TMS we investigated the causal role of right superior anterior temporal lobe (sATL) and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) in their representation, given the contribution of these regions, respectively, in social cognition and quantifiers processing. We used a state-dependent TMS priming paradigm in healthy subjects. With this approach, the neural activation was modulated by priming to a category label, before applying TMS pulses and presenting the target. We found an abolition of the expected priming effect when TMS was applied, respectively, over IPS, but not sATL, for quantity, and over sATL and IPS for social targets. Our results suggested that the right IPS contained neuronal representations of quantity-related concepts, due to its role in numerical and magnitude representation, whereas social concepts were coded in both the right sATL and the right IPS, involved in social cognition and person-related knowledge. The representation of abstract, i.e. emotions, social, quantity, and concrete concepts, i.e. animals and artefacts, was additionally explored in patients affected by neurodegenerative diseases. We reported data of an implicit priming task in two single cases, affected by the semantic variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia (sv-PPA), and by Cortico-Basal Syndrome (CBS), involving, respectively, temporal lobe and parietal areas. Compared to controls, sv-PPA patient displayed an hyperpriming effect for animals and an abolished priming effect for social concepts, while an abolished priming effects was found for quantity concepts in CBS patient. This dissociation suggested that the brain areas involved in the two pathologies, i.e. anterior temporal lobe and parietal regions, have a crucial role in the representation of animals and social concepts and of quantity related concepts, confirming data reported in the TMS study.
È ancora oggetto di dibattito se la rappresentazione neurale dei concetti astratti sia simile alla conoscenza concreta, ovvero organizzata in categorie e supportata dalle regioni cerebrali che elaborano le corrispondenti esperienze. In questa tesi, abbiamo voluto indagare la multidimensionalità dei concetti astratti attraverso un approccio multidisciplinare. Esso comprende studi di risonanza magnetica funzionale con un paradigma di adattamento (fMRI-A), di stimolazione magnetica transcranica state-dependent (TMS), e un esperimento comportamentale di priming in pazienti affetti da patologie neurodegenerative. Tali paradigmi sono stati costruiti sulla base delle evidenze riportate in una revisione sistematica della letteratura. La revisione della letteratura ha messo in luce i punti di forza e i limiti dei principali metodi utilizzati per la caratterizzazione dei concetti astratti, cioè l'approccio basato sulle features, le procedure di rating e l’utilizzo di database esistenti. Sono stati evidenziati dati a favore di una rappresentazione multidimensionale dei concetti astratti, che includono le dimensioni affettiva, sociale, degli stati mentali e quantitativa, supportate da differenti correlati neurali, implicati, rispettivamente, nell'elaborazione emotiva, nella mentalizzazione, nella cognizione sociale e nell'elaborazione numerica. Di seguito, abbiamo esplorato diverse categorie di concetti astratti, ossia emozioni, cognizioni, attitudini, azioni umane, concetti sociali e quantitativi. In particolare, concetti che si riferiscono a emozioni, cognizioni, attitudini, e azioni umane sono stati confrontati con concetti concreti in uno studio fMRI-A in soggetti sani. I paradigmi di adattamento permettono di esplorare le caratteristiche funzionali di una popolazione neurale, attraverso la proprietà mostrata da alcuni neuroni di diminuire la propria risposta in seguito alla presentazione ripetuta di uno stimolo. In particolare, abbiamo riscontrato che diverse porzioni del lobo temporale anteriore sinistro rispondono selettivamente ai concetti astratti e concreti. I concetti concreti hanno prodotto un effetto di adattamento nel giro fusiforme sinistro, responsabile dell'elaborazione visiva, mentre le emozioni e le attitudini hanno adattato il giro temporale medio sinistro, coinvolto nella conoscenza socio-emotiva. Successivamente ci siamo concentrati sui concetti sociali e quantitativi, utilizzati sia nello studio TMS che nello studio con i pazienti. Nell’esperimento TMS abbiamo indagato il ruolo causale del lobo temporale anteriore superiore di destra (sATL) e del solco intraparietale (IPS) nella rappresentazione di questi concetti, sulla base del contributo delle due regioni, rispettivamente, nella cognizione sociale e nell'elaborazione dei quantificatori. Abbiamo utilizzato un paradigma di priming TMS state-dependent in soggetti sani. Con questo approccio, l'attivazione neurale viene modulata presentando un’etichetta verbale che corrisponde ad una delle due categorie, per poi stimolare la regione cerebrale tramite impulsi TMS e presentare la parola target. I risultati hanno mostrato l'eliminazione dell'effetto di priming previsto quando la TMS è stata applicata, rispettivamente, sull’IPS, ma non sul sATL, per i concetti quantitativi, e sul sATL e IPS per i concetti sociali. Tali dati suggeriscono che l'IPS è responsabile dell’elaborazione dei concetti legati alla quantità, sulla base del suo ruolo nella conoscenza numerica, mentre i concetti sociali vengono codificati sia nel sATL che nell'IPS, coinvolti nella cognizione sociale e nelle conoscenze legate agli individui.
Investigating the multidimensionality of abstract concepts through a multidisciplinary approach / Conca, Francesca. - (2021 Jun 09).
Investigating the multidimensionality of abstract concepts through a multidisciplinary approach
CONCA, FRANCESCA
2021-06-09
Abstract
Whether the neural representation of abstract concepts is similar to concrete knowledge, namely organized into categories, and grounded in the brain regions coding for the corresponding experience is still debated. Here, we investigated the multidimensionality of abstract concepts by means of a multidisciplinary approach including a functional magnetic resonance imaging adaptation (fMRI-A) study, a state-dependent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study, and a behavioural priming in neurodegenerative patients, which have been constructed on the basis of evidence reported in an initial systematic literature revision. Literature revision highlighted strengths and limitations of the main methods used for the characterization of abstract concepts, namely featural approach, rating procedures, and lexical databases, and offered evidence in favour of a multidimensional representation of abstract concepts, including emotions, social, mental states and magnitude dimensions, subserved by relatively different neural correlates, known to be involved, respectively, in affective, mentalizing, social cognition and numerical processing. Consequently, we explored different categories of abstract concepts, namely emotions, cognitions, attitudes, human actions, social and quantity-related. Specifically, emotions, cognitions, attitudes, human actions have been compared to concrete concepts in a fMRI-A study in healthy subjects. Adaptation paradigms allowed the exploration of the functional characteristics of a neural population, by means of the property displayed by some neurons of decreasing their response to a repeated stimulus. Different portions of the left anterior temporal lobe responded selectively to abstract and concrete concepts. Concrete items adaptated the left fusiform gyrus, responsible for high level visual processing, while emotions and attitudes induced adaptation in the left middle temporal gyrus, involved in socio-emotional knowledge. We subsequently focused on social and quantity concepts, used in both TMS and clinical studies. In the TMS we investigated the causal role of right superior anterior temporal lobe (sATL) and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) in their representation, given the contribution of these regions, respectively, in social cognition and quantifiers processing. We used a state-dependent TMS priming paradigm in healthy subjects. With this approach, the neural activation was modulated by priming to a category label, before applying TMS pulses and presenting the target. We found an abolition of the expected priming effect when TMS was applied, respectively, over IPS, but not sATL, for quantity, and over sATL and IPS for social targets. Our results suggested that the right IPS contained neuronal representations of quantity-related concepts, due to its role in numerical and magnitude representation, whereas social concepts were coded in both the right sATL and the right IPS, involved in social cognition and person-related knowledge. The representation of abstract, i.e. emotions, social, quantity, and concrete concepts, i.e. animals and artefacts, was additionally explored in patients affected by neurodegenerative diseases. We reported data of an implicit priming task in two single cases, affected by the semantic variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia (sv-PPA), and by Cortico-Basal Syndrome (CBS), involving, respectively, temporal lobe and parietal areas. Compared to controls, sv-PPA patient displayed an hyperpriming effect for animals and an abolished priming effect for social concepts, while an abolished priming effects was found for quantity concepts in CBS patient. This dissociation suggested that the brain areas involved in the two pathologies, i.e. anterior temporal lobe and parietal regions, have a crucial role in the representation of animals and social concepts and of quantity related concepts, confirming data reported in the TMS study.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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