During the PhD course, I carried out the research activity at the Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, of the University of Pavia. As described in the first chapter of the thesis, I studied the dysregulation of the intracellular machinery within the context of Alzheimer’s Disease. In particular, we analysed the different mechanisms through which β-amyloid (Aβ) influences synaptic activity (Lanni et al, 2019), specifically focusing on Aβ interaction with the key synaptic proteins regulating the neurotransmitter release machinery (Fagiani et al, 2019). Notably, defects in the fine-tuning of synaptic vesicle cycle by Aβ and deregulation of key molecules and kinases, which orchestrate synaptic vesicle availability, may alter synaptic homeostasis, possibly contributing to synaptic loss and cognitive decline. Moreover, by applying a multifunctional approach by conjugating the anti-AD drug memantine to ferulic acid, known to protect the brain from Aβ neurotoxicity and neuronal death, we tested a set of compounds and found the most promising tool for investigating NMDAR-mediated neurotoxic events involving Aβ burden and oxidative damage (Rosini et al, 2019). As reported in the second Chapter of the doctoral thesis, the main research project was based on the study of Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2) intracellular signaling pathway as pharmacological target. Nrf2, a member of the Cap’n’collar (CNC) transcription factor family, is a pivotal redox-sensitive transcription factor that orchestrates a multifaceted response to various forms of stress and to inflammatory processes, thereby maintaining a homeostatic intracellular environment. Nrf2 anti-inflammatory activity has been related to the crosstalk with the transcription factor NF-κB, a pivotal mediator of inflammatory responses and of multiple aspects of innate and adaptative immune functions. However, the underlying molecular basis has not been completely identified. In collaboration with the group of Prof. Michela Rosini of the University of Bologna, we synthesized and tested a set of molecules carrying (pro)electrophilic features responsible for the activation of the Nrf2 pathway (Serafini et al, 2020), as valuable pharmacologic tools to dissect the mechanistic connection between Nrf2 and NF-κB (Fagiani et al, 2020). We investigated whether the activation of the Nrf2 pathway by electrophilic/non-electrophilic compounds may interfere with the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, during immune stimulation, in a human immortalized monocyte-like cell line (THP-1) and in human primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The capability of compounds to affect the NF-κB pathway was also investigated. We demonstrated that compounds induced a differential modulation of innate immune cytokine release, by differently regulating Nrf2 and NF-κB intracellular signaling pathways. The following Chapters of the thesis are dedicated to other research activities, such as the study of gene environment interactions contributing to autism spectrum disorders (Chapter III), the critical discussion of the major pharmacological challenges concerning the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak (Chapter IV), and other collaborative activities (Chapter V).
L’attività di ricerca è stata svolta presso il Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Sezione di Farmacologia, dell’Università di Pavia. Il primo capitolo della tesi di dottorato è dedicato alla descrizione dell’attività di ricerca incentrata sullo studio delle vie di trasduzione del segnale coinvolte nella eziopatogenesi della malattia di Alzheimer. In particolare, il lavoro di ricerca si è focalizzato sull’analisi degli effetti del peptide β-amiloide (Aβ) sull’attività sinaptica (Lanni et al, 2019), analizzando, nello specifico, le interazioni tra Aβ e le principali proteine sinaptiche che regolano il rilascio di neurotrasmettitori (Fagiani et al, 2019). Dati di letteratura dimostrano, infatti, che Aβ è in grado di influenzare i meccanismi intracellulari che regolano il c.d. “ciclo delle vescicole sinaptiche”, alterando l’omeostasi neuronale e contribuendo alla perdita di sinapsi e al declino cognitivo. Il secondo capitolo della tesi di dottorato è dedicato alla descrizione del progetto di ricerca su cui si è focalizzata principalmente l’attività di ricerca. Tale progetto si basa sullo studio della via di trasduzione del segnale mediata dal fattore di trascrizione Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2) come potenziale bersaglio farmacologico per contrastare i processi degenerativi. Nrf2, appartenente alla famiglia di fattori di trascrizione Cap’n’collar (CNC), è un fattore di trascrizione che coordina la risposta cellulare a fattori stressogeni esogeni ed endogeni, mantenendo l’omeostasi cellulare. Recenti dati di letteratura dimostrano il coinvolgimento di Nrf2 nei processi infiammatori e suggeriscono un crosstalk funzionale con il fattore di trascrizione NF-κB, un mediatore chiave dei processi infiammatori e di molteplici aspetti della risposta immunitaria innata e adattativa. Tuttavia, restano ancora da chiarire i meccanismi molecolari alla base dell’interazione tra Nrf2 e NF-κB. In collaborazione con il gruppo di ricerca coordinato dalla Prof. Michela Rosini dell’Università di Bologna, è stata sintetizzata una library di composti caratterizzati dalla presenza di gruppi funzionali (pro)elettrofilici responsabili dell’attivazione di Nrf2 (Serafini et al, 2020). Tali composti sono stati utilizzati come tools farmacologici al fine di studiare l’interazione tra Nrf2 e NF-κB (Fagiani et al, 2020). In particolare, è stato indagato se l’attivazione della via mediata da Nrf2 da parte dei composti elettrofilici e non-elettrofilici possa influenzare la produzione e secrezione di citochine proinfiammatorie nella linea cellulare monocitica immortalizzata umana (THP-1) e in cellule mononucleari ottenute da sangue periferico umano (PBMCs). È stato dimostrato che i composti sono in grado di modulare il rilascio di citochine pro-infiammatorie mediante una diversa regolazione delle vie di trasduzione del segnale mediate da Nrf2 and NF-κB. Infine, i capitoli seguenti sono dedicati alle altre attività di ricerca concernenti (1) lo studio delle interazioni gene environment coinvolte nell’insorgenza del disturbo dello spettro autistico (Capitolo III), (2) la discussione delle principali sfide in ambito farmacologico per il contenimento della pandemia da COVID-19 (Capitolo IV), (3) e altre attività di ricerca (Capitolo V).
Targeting Nrf2 and NF-kB signaling pathways to counteract degenerative processes by new molecular entities / Fagiani, Francesca. - (2021 Mar 12).
Targeting Nrf2 and NF-kB signaling pathways to counteract degenerative processes by new molecular entities
FAGIANI, FRANCESCA
2021-03-12
Abstract
During the PhD course, I carried out the research activity at the Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, of the University of Pavia. As described in the first chapter of the thesis, I studied the dysregulation of the intracellular machinery within the context of Alzheimer’s Disease. In particular, we analysed the different mechanisms through which β-amyloid (Aβ) influences synaptic activity (Lanni et al, 2019), specifically focusing on Aβ interaction with the key synaptic proteins regulating the neurotransmitter release machinery (Fagiani et al, 2019). Notably, defects in the fine-tuning of synaptic vesicle cycle by Aβ and deregulation of key molecules and kinases, which orchestrate synaptic vesicle availability, may alter synaptic homeostasis, possibly contributing to synaptic loss and cognitive decline. Moreover, by applying a multifunctional approach by conjugating the anti-AD drug memantine to ferulic acid, known to protect the brain from Aβ neurotoxicity and neuronal death, we tested a set of compounds and found the most promising tool for investigating NMDAR-mediated neurotoxic events involving Aβ burden and oxidative damage (Rosini et al, 2019). As reported in the second Chapter of the doctoral thesis, the main research project was based on the study of Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2) intracellular signaling pathway as pharmacological target. Nrf2, a member of the Cap’n’collar (CNC) transcription factor family, is a pivotal redox-sensitive transcription factor that orchestrates a multifaceted response to various forms of stress and to inflammatory processes, thereby maintaining a homeostatic intracellular environment. Nrf2 anti-inflammatory activity has been related to the crosstalk with the transcription factor NF-κB, a pivotal mediator of inflammatory responses and of multiple aspects of innate and adaptative immune functions. However, the underlying molecular basis has not been completely identified. In collaboration with the group of Prof. Michela Rosini of the University of Bologna, we synthesized and tested a set of molecules carrying (pro)electrophilic features responsible for the activation of the Nrf2 pathway (Serafini et al, 2020), as valuable pharmacologic tools to dissect the mechanistic connection between Nrf2 and NF-κB (Fagiani et al, 2020). We investigated whether the activation of the Nrf2 pathway by electrophilic/non-electrophilic compounds may interfere with the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, during immune stimulation, in a human immortalized monocyte-like cell line (THP-1) and in human primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The capability of compounds to affect the NF-κB pathway was also investigated. We demonstrated that compounds induced a differential modulation of innate immune cytokine release, by differently regulating Nrf2 and NF-κB intracellular signaling pathways. The following Chapters of the thesis are dedicated to other research activities, such as the study of gene environment interactions contributing to autism spectrum disorders (Chapter III), the critical discussion of the major pharmacological challenges concerning the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak (Chapter IV), and other collaborative activities (Chapter V).File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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